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What is optical splitter and its important technical indicators?

Optical splitter is one of the important passive devices in optical fiber link. It is mainly to implement the optical signal splitting between the optical line terminal OLT and the optical network terminal ONU in the passive optical network.

The optical splitter enables the signal on the optical fiber to be distributed between two or more optical fibers with different separation configurations, such as 1×2, 1×4, 1×N, or 2×4, M×N. The general architecture of FTTH is: OLT (Machine room office end) — ODN (Passive optical network distribution system) — ONU (User end). An optical splitter is used in ODN to realize that multiple end users share a PON interface. In the PON network, when buildings are scattered and irregular, such as villas, with long distances and low user density, the centralized light splitting method can make full use of resources and cover the surroundings.

In a passive optical network, only one optical splitter can be used, or multiple optical splitters can be used together to separate optical signals.

The performance indicators that affect the optical splitter are usually as follows:

Insertion lossThe insertion loss of a fiber splitter refers to the dB of each output relative to the input optical loss. Generally, the smaller the insertion loss value, the better the performance of the splitter.

Splitting ratioThe split ratio is defined as the output power of the splitter output port in the system application. Generally, the splitting ratio of the PLC splitter is uniformly distributed, while the splitting ratio of Fused optical splitter can be unequal. The splitting ratio is related to the wavelength of the transmitted light. For example, when transmitting 1.31μm light, the splitting ratio of the two output light ends is 50:50; when transmitting 1.5 μm light, it becomes 70:30 (This happens because that optical splitter has a certain bandwidth, which is the bandwidth of the optical signal transmitted when the splitting ratio is substantially unchanged).

IsolationIsolation refers to a light path optical splitter to other optical path of the optical signal isolation.

Return lossReturn loss, also known as reflection loss, refers to the power loss of an optical signal that is returned or reflected due to discontinuities in the fiber or transmission line. The larger the return loss, the better, to reduce the impact of reflected light on the light source and the system.

In addition, uniformity, directivity, and PDL polarization loss are also parameters that affect the performance of the beam splitter. Optical fiber splitter is one of the most important passive devices in the optical fiber link. It is particularly suitable for connecting MDF and terminal equipment to distribute optical signals in passive optical networks (EPON, GPON, BPON, FTTX, FTTH, etc.). .

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Pros And Cons Of Social Networking

Social Networking involves the categorizing of persons into a group. It is a concept that can be applied to various places like schools, colleges, offices, etc. However, as a concept it is more popular on the Internet.It is because the Internet connects millions of people all over the world, who want to meet and share ideas and interests with like-minded people.People can meet other online users with common lifestyles, hobbies, politics, and so on, using Social Networking websites.

For gaining access to other users, a user has to first become a member of a Social Networking website. After which, a user can start socializing with other members having the same way of thinking. There are many pros and cons connected with using Social websites.

Some of the pros associated with Social Networking are:

• It allows a user to meet and make friends with a number of other users. A user has the option to choose people with same likes and dislikes to make friends with.

• Another pro is that Social Networking allows users from all over the world to contact each other. Thus, helping them to learn about each others culture and language.

• It can also help a person searching for old friends or colleagues easily, as it has worldwide connectivity.

• It provides a fast and easy way to connect with people.

• It enables people to locate good jobs easily.

• It allows a user to interact with their friends at anytime of the day as long as they are online.

• It also allows a user to chat with their friends. Thus, permitting real-time information sharing.

• Another pro of using Social Networking is that it allows businesses and organizations to advertize their services, products or ideas for free.

• It helps one to have a know how of the world by making available the latest news items. In fact, it has transformed the speed of news, as the news is updated and spread very fast.

Just as there are some pros associated with Popular Media Networking, similarly there are some cons too. The following are the cons associated with Social Networking:

• One major con of using Social Networking is the risk of online predators posing as someone else.

• Social Networking can expose a user to stalking or unsuitable contact from others. Children and youngsters are more prone to this. Further, it can also expose them to indecent content.

• People using Social Networking are prone to more data theft and viruses. In some instances, there are chances of thieves using important personal information to steal a person’s identity.

• Some people consider Social Networking as a waste of time. They feel that the time spent in Social Networking can be used for constructive purposes.

• Another major con of using Social Networking is that it helps major companies to invade your privacy by selling your confidential data to them.

However, the benefits overrule the disadvantages of using Social Networking. The dangers in using Social Networking are similar to any in our day to day life.A little bit of caution can make Social Networking a pleasant experience.

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Short term debt funds for short term goals

Debt mutual funds can be classified as per their holding period such as short-term debt funds and long-term debt funds. The meaning of short-term debt funds is that they invest in debt and money market instruments with a Macaulay duration of the portfolio between 1 year – 3 years. Short -term debt fund returns have low volatility..

Investors who are conservative or want to keep a certain portion of their assets in fixed income bearing securities can invest in short-term debt mutual funds. Debt funds, amongst themselves, have different risk profiles, which allows investors to choose funds based on their risk appetite and return expectations in these funds. Investors in debt mutual funds are exposed to inherent risks such as interest rate risk, credit risk, illiquidity risk and market risk etc. Interest rate risks refer to the risk in your investment when prices of the securities purchased move up or down due to changes in macro-economic conditions like higher inflation, higher government borrowings, adverse effect on rupee due to higher current account deficit and other global market developments. Credit risk refers to the risk, when the securities which the fund is holding get downgraded or when there is a possibility of the issuer of the security defaulting in payment of principal or interest. Market risk refers to the risk of the underlying securities cannot be liquidated at the price at which it is valued, due to markets not being deep enough to absorb the sale of the securities. Investors who want to keep their money for very short periods but looking for slightly higher return than savings account and willing to take market risk may invest in Liquid Funds offered by mutual funds. These liquid funds are short term debt funds in nature and invest in Instruments which mature within 91 days.

So if your goal is for a very short period or if you are investing in a different asset class or you have almost reached your goal, it is generally suggested to switch to debt funds as they are less volatile than equity.

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